Cumulative References
Listed and linked below are the resources used in the creation of this portfolio, the cumulative links to references used for blog posts, synthesized resources used for unit assignments in MHST 601, as well as to peer-reviewed literature that is shaping the way we view and provide health care in Canada
Anderson-DeCouteau, M., & TEDx Talks. (2016, April 13). Indigenous knowledge to close gaps in Indigenous health [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IpKjtujtEYI
This video talks of different types of racism prevalent within the Canadian health care system (conscious, unconscious, institutional, and epistemic), provides a brief knowledge share on the sacred grandfather teachings, as well as provides an exemplar organization in Winnipeg, MB that reminds Indigenous women that effectively combines Western medical care with Traditional teachings.
Antonovsky, A. (1996). The salutogenic model as a theory to guide health promotion. Health Promotion International, 11(1), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/11.1.11
Antonovsky's theory posits that health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health, as health involves a strong sense of self with positive social influences. Uses the construct of a sense of coherence, where ideas are comprehensible manageable and meaningful, to empower; a construct that is not culture-bound. Antonovsky believes in optimist ideals – there can be mistakes and failures, but an individual with a strong sense of coherence learns from their mistakes and is not doomed to continue making them..
Bhattacharya, S., Pradhan, K. B., Bashar, M. A., Tripathi, S., Thiyagarajan, A., Srivastava, A., & Singh, A. (2020). Salutogenesis: A bona fide guide towards health preservation. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 9(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_260_19
Focus on people’s resources and dimensions to create health and well-being than the classic focus of medical fraternity on risks, ill health, and disease. Having stronger ssense of coherence reduces the probability of adverse neurophysiological response from stress, which further lowers the health-damaging effects of perceived chronic illness.
Bilandzic, A., & Rosella, L. (2017). The cost of diabetes in canada over 10 years: Applying attributable health care costs to a diabetes incidence prediction model. Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada, 37(2), 49–53. https://doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.37.2.03
Objective was to estimate the future direct health care costs due to diabetes for a 10-year period in Canada. Acute hospitalizations accounted for the greatest proportion of costs (43.2%). A population intervention resulting in 5% body weight loss would save $2.03 billion in health care costs.
Braun-Lewensohn, O., & Sagy, S. (2011). Salutogenesis and culture: Personal and community sense of coherence among adolescents belonging to three different cultural groups. International Review of Psychiatry, 23(6), 533–541. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2011.637905
Culture seems to define which resources are appropriate for each individual, but all cultures and at all stages of coping with a stressor, a person with a strong sense of coherence is at an advatage in preventing tension from being transformed into stress.
Candib, L. M. (2007). Obesity and diabetes in vulnerable populations: Reflection on proximal and distal causes. The Annals of Family Medicine, 5(6), 547–556. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.754
The authors look at events during fetal life, maternal physiology and life context, genotype that favours abdominal fat, nutritional transition, health impact of urbanization and immigration, social attributions and cultural perceptions of increased with, and changes in good coses and availability resulting from globalization as they affect low income people who are disproportionately afflicted by obesity and diabetes. Proposed calls to action: foster healthy eating and activity levels without stigmatizing and marginalizing at risk populations; engage various ethnic groups. Situate the health problems of vulnerable populations within their genetic, socioeconomic, and migration histories.
Community Development and Health Network. (n.d.). Models of health. https://www.cdhn.org/sites/default/files/downloads/FACTSHEETS%201_Screen%20View%281%29.pdf
This quicksheet offers a brief overview of the social model, the medical model, the salutogenic model, the ecosystems model, the social determinants of health model, and the community development model of health.
Corvin, J. A., Chan, I., Aguado Loi, C. X., Dollman, I., & Gonzales, J. (2020). Analytic hierarchy process: An innovative technique for culturally tailoring evidence‐based interventions to reduce health disparities. Health Expectations, 24(S1), 70–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.13022
Authors feel that the analytical hierarchy process is a science of scaling based on math, philosophy, and psychology, in which a complex decision is broken down into factors that are ordered and arranged in a way that allows each factor to be weighted for a culturally equitable analysis. Statistics are showing that, despite efforts to enhance access to care, access has not improved among most minority groups. Culturally tailored analysis allows us to look at health systems and determine how we can finally improve access to care for those groups.
Curtis, A. J., & Lee, W.-A. A. (2010). Spatial patterns of diabetes related health problems for vulnerable populations in Los Angeles. International Journal of Health Geographics, 9(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072x-9-43
This study suggests that geospatial appraoches should be components of diabetes research due to the inherent spatial nature of many of the causative pathways, which include food insecurety, lack of safe activity spaces, and poor access to health services. Also points out that minority populations and low income individuals are the most frequent ER visitors in L.A., CA.
Dankwa-Mullan, I., Rivo, M., Sepulveda, M., Park, Y., Snowdon, J., & Rhee, K. (2019). Transforming diabetes care through artificial intelligence: The future is here. Population Health Management, 22(3), 229–242. https://doi.org/10.1089/pop.2018.0129
Authors believe that AI could be better incorporated if different technologies could pair and exchange information. Author explores many typical forms of AI that have been introduced for diabetes care including: non-invasive diagnostic tools such as facial and tongue feature recognition; clinical decision making and diagnosis support; EMR cohorting/ data mining; predictive risk stratification; self-management tools (artificial pancreas, continuous glucose monitoring, RCM, food recognition and calculation software, and diabetes specific activity infomaiton)
Fagherazzi, G., & Ravaud, P. (2019). Digital diabetes: Perspectives for diabetes prevention, management and research. Diabetes & Metabolism, 45(4), 322–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabet.2018.08.012
The authors evaluate strengths and weaknesses of digital interventions and AI in diabetes management. They also evaluate the costs (both financial and HHR) of utilizing more technologies. Affirms that technologies should only be used to complement, but not replace any care received in traditional settings.
Galicia-Garcia, U., Benito-Vicente, A., Jebari, S., Larrea-Sebal, A., Siddiqi, H., Uribe, K. B., Ostolaza, H., & Martín, C. (2020). Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(17), 6275. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176275
Rapid globalization and the normalization of a sedentary lifestyle, along with increased obesity, diabetes and their consequent co-morbidities research helps us understand the mechanisms implicated in every step in the development and complications of T2DM is crucial in order to prevent, control, treat or revert the pathophysiology of T2DM its complications." (p. 20)
Goldman, B. (2019, January 28). The soaring cost of insulin. Dr. Brian's Blog - CBC. Retrieved March 18, 2022, from https://www.cbc.ca/radio/whitecoat/blog/the-soaring-cost-of-insulin-1.4995290e
For Canadians without private insurance, diabetes can cost up to $6,800 annually. Canadians without any coverage report spending up to $15K annually in out of pocket costs. 57% of Candaidans are not fully complying with their treatment plan because of high costs. 1 in 4 incorrectly use their insulin to rescue costs, and that's just direct pharmaceuticals and testing supplies.
Greenwood, D. (2015). Better type 2 diabetes self-management using paired testing and remote monitoring. AJN, American Journal of Nursing, 115(2), 58-65. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.naj.0000460698.78499.33
Suggests the use of paired testing (glucose monitorin before and after each meal) for a set amount of time to better inform the patient of their condition, to engage them in their care plan, and empower them to take control of their DM. This study showcases the patient under study's journal entries through the process, this person notes that it was they first time they had checked their BS before a meal or through the day as they only ever checked it in the morning, they found that continuous monitoring through the day brought down their BG # in the morning over the 8 week period
Health Quality Ontario. (2014, July 1). Point-of-care hemoglobin A1C testing. Health Quality Ontario website. https://www.hqontario.ca/Evidence-to-Improve-Care/Health-Technology-Assessment/Reviews-And-Recommendations/Point-of-Care-Hemoglobin-A1c-Testing#:~:text=Point-of-are%20hemoglobin%20A%201c%20testing%20is%20done%20at,patients%20in%20rural%20or%20remote%20communities%20is%20easy.?msclkid=b16fa548abe011ec88f51f8359f7b711
Point of care testing can be done during care visits. Using a finger poke, results are available quickly, and bringing the testing device to remote communities is easy, results of PoC HbA1c testing are reliable. If combined with laboratory A1c testing the province of Ontario could save $1,175,620 to $4,702,481 in 2013/2014.
Joseph, B. (2018). 21 things you may not know about the Indian Act: Helping Canadians make reconciliation with Indigenous peoples a reality. Indigenous Relations Press.
This enlightening novel speaks to the history of the treatment of Indigenous peoples in Canada and looks forward with optimism to strategies for dismantling the Indian Act to work towards reconciliation. It also incorporates some of the TRC's calls to action for the education of Canadians in culturally competent ways by suggesting classroom activities to provoke discussion around reconciliation.
Kalra, S., Baruah, M. P., & Sahay, R. (2018). Salutogenesis in type 2 diabetes care: A biopsychosocial perspective. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 22(1), 169–171. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijem.ijem_224_17
Combines salutogenesis with BPS model of chronic disease development and management. Believes in positive reinforcement of health seeking behaviours and strategies for where the patient is at (socially). Applying this model to diabetes management could result in lower glucose, delayed microvascular outcomes, empowerment and greater self-esteem, minimizing psychiatric comorbidity, social acceptance and support, health-care system compatibility through community and government initiatives, advocacy and social marketing.
Kim, P. J. (2019). Social determinants of health inequities in Indigenous Canadians through a life course approach to colonialism and the residential school system. Health Equity, 3(1), 378–381. https://doi.org/10.1089/heq.2019.0041
This publication examines the effects of colonization of Indigenous health in Canada. Life-course approaches to the analysis of health through an intergenerational lens helps us to see what actions can be taken to break the cycle of cumulative health disadvantages. Kim helps us understand trauma-informed practices as they related to social inequities commonly experienced by our Indigenous population as a direct result of colonization.
Kolderup Hervik, S. E. (2016). "Good health is to have a good life": How middle-aged and elderly men in a rural town in Norway talk about health. International Journal of Men's Health, 15(3), 218–234. https://doi.org/10.3149/jmh.1503.218
Laypeople understand health as an important part of life, not something that concerns “complete” physical mental and social well-being. The author notes that Norway is a fairly equitable and wealthy society, and as such the expectation for health is different than in other countries. He suggests health as a very dynamic term, and we can never really define health unless many aspects of ill health have been first thrust upon us.
Kubin, A., Wirkkala, J., Keskitalo, A., Ohtonen, P., & Hautala, N. (2021). Handheld fundus camera performance, image quality and outcomes of diabetic retinopathy grading in a pilot screening study. Acta Ophthalmologica, 99(8). https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.14850
As diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the primary causes of vision loss worldwide. 35% of those affected by DM have DR. Early changes can be detected by vision cameras, and POC DR screening is more accessible for patients, especially those in rural and remote locations.
Kulig, J. C., & Williams, A. M. (2012). Health in rural Canada. UBC Press.4
This text is a collection of studies on various factors and health conditions that are more prevalent in rural populations in Canada.
Leyland, A. H., & Groenewegen, P. P. (2003). Multilevel modelling and public health policy. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 31(4), 267–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/14034940210165028
Scandanavian health policy plays a greater role in the development of specific disease. They believe that using this hierarchal approach can better determine resource allocation when creating public health policy. They caution against misestimated precision by incorrectly estimating which levels of health are more influential in disease development and prognosis. To simplify, these levels can be broken into a bio-psycho-social triad, although in research this might be an oversimplification and must be analyzed on a case by case basis.
Marling, C., Wiley, M., Bunescu, R., Shubrook, J., & Schwartz, F. (2012). Emerging applications for intelligent diabetes management. AI Magazine, 33(2), 67. https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v33i2.2410
The authors suggest EMR solutions that would remember which interventions/ solutions are effective or ineffective for individual patients, which can assist clinicians who are managing a large number of T1DM patients. They also suggest incorporating continuous BG data with BG prediction for more individualized treatment approach for each patient
McCartney, G., Popham, F., McMaster, R., & Cumbers, A. (2019). Defining health and health inequalities. Public Health, 172, 22–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2019.03.023
Authors provide a new definition of health inequalities and suggest health should be defined as a structural, functional and emotional state that is compatible with effective life as an individual and as a member of society.
Population health can be defined to encompass the average, distribution and inequalities in health within a society.
Meili, R. (2012). A healthy society: How a focus on health can revive Canadian democracy. Purich Publishing.
Book on democracy’s impact on Canada’s approach to the social determinants of health. He suggests that “if we as a society address the social determinants of health – economy, education, the environment, and more – people will live fuller, healthier lives . . . we will also foster a common purpose that deepens community, build solidarity, and rejeuvanates democracy (Meili, 2012, p. 26). Meili references a work by Wilkinson & Pickett (2009) where health is both determined and defined by the equality of the society, and as such is a globally dynamic concept.